Preface
About the editors
Contributors
Prologue History of sleep medicine: A narrative with an Australasian perspective
Matthew T Naughton
Background
Sleep monitoring
Chronobiology and melatonin
Sleep and ventilation
Treatment of disorders of sleep related ventilation
Neonatology
Australian Sleep Association
References
PART 1 PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP
Chapter 1 Normal human sleep: infancy to adulthood
Arthur Teng & Sandra Chuang
Introduction
Sleep stages
Newborn and infant sleep
Sleep pattern changes from birth to adulthood.
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Biological rhythms and sleep
Sean W Cain, Michelle Y Coleman, & Elise M McGlashan
Introduction
Circadian clocks are endogenous
Circadian clocks are settable
Generation of circadian rhythms
Circadian rhythms and sleep
Circadian rhythms and health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Neurobiology of sleep: neural circuitry and mechanisms
Russell Conduit & Stephen R Robinson
Introduction
The Circadian system
The sleep homeostat
The ascending arousal system
The descending sleep-initiation system
Ultradian system
Summary
References
Chapter 4 Genetics of sleep
Enda M Byrne
Introduction
Genetic association studies in humans
Circadian genes – candidate gene analysis
Genome-wide association studies
Restless legs syndrome
Genetics of obstructive sleep apnoea
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 The functions of sleep
Christian L Nicholas, Amy S Jordan, & John Trinder
Introduction
When did sleep first evolve?
The adaptive non-responding hypothesis
Primary and secondary functions
Phylogenetic and ontogenetic data
Energy conservation
Homeostatic mechanism and function
Specialised functions of REM sleep
Restorative theories as to the function of sleep
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Polysomnography: the measurement of sleep and sleep disorders
James A Slater, Adam Rossely & Thomas Minogue
Introduction
History
Types of polysomnography
Measurements in polysomnography
Adult polysomnography analysis
Respiratory scoring criteria
Periodic limb movements
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Measurement of sleepiness, sleep tendency, and alertness
Jessica E Manousakis, Suzanne Ftouni, & Clare Anderson
Introduction
Objective measures of sleep propensity
Subjective measures of sleepiness
Summary
References
PART 2 SLEEP DISORDERS AND SLEEP LOSS: A PUBLIC HEALTH PRIORITY
Chapter 8 Features and neurocognitive effects
Stephanie Centofanti, Jillian Dorrian, Cassie Hilditch, & Siobhan Banks
Introduction
Development of sleep disorders
How sleep disorders impact on sleep
Neurocognitive consequences of sleep loss
Recovery of neurocognitive function following sleep loss
Real world implications of sleep loss
Summary
References
Chapter 9 Public health implications of sleep disorders and insufficient sleep
David R Hillman & Leon C Lack
Introduction
Prevalence of sleep problems
Economic impact
Conclusions
References
PART 3 ADULT OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA: MECHANISMS AND CONSEQUENCES
Chapter 10 Clinical features of adult obstructive sleep apnoea and pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction
Kristina Kairaitis & John Wheatley
Introduction
Prevalence
Clinical presentation
Risk factors
Pharyngeal anatomical contributions
Neuromuscular contributions
Models of upper airway behaviour
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Pathophysiological mechanisms: the respiratory control system
Peter G Catchside & Naomi L Deacon
Introduction
Normal respiratory control system behaviour during wake and sleep
Respiratory control instability in OSA
Loop gain
Lung volume effects
Chemoreflex control factors
Summary and future directions
References
Chapter 12 Obstructive sleep apnoea in a community study: the Busselton Sleep Cohort
Nathaniel S Marshall & Ronald R Grunstein
Background
What are community-based studies for?
Prevalence and risk factors for sleep apnoea in middle-aged men
Prevalence of sleep apnoea and snoring
Effects of sleep apnoea on risks for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and stroke
Effects of sleep apnoea on diabetes risk
Effects of sleep apnoea on cancer risk
Effects of snoring on major endpoints
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Cardiovascular and metabolic consequences of obstructive sleep apnoea
Yasmina Djavadkhani, Brendan J Yee, & Craig L Phillips
Introduction
Pathophysiological mechanisms
Cardiovascular complications
Metabolic complications
Summary
References
Chapter 14 Endocrine consequences of obstructive sleep apnoea
Roo Killick, Kishani Kannangara, & Camilla M Hoyos
Introduction
Testosterone
Growth hormone
Cortisol
Adipokines
Prolactin
Thyroid hormones
Conclusion
PART 4 ADULT OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA: EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
Chapter 15 Optimal evaluation of adult obstructive sleep apnoea
Darren R Mansfield, Chin LI Chai-Coetzer, Nick Antic, and R Doug McEvoy
Introduction
Clinically important obstructive sleep apnoea
Personalised care plans on a public health scale
The emerging landscape
Clinical assessment
Investigation
Reducing treatment failure rates and the disengaged patient
The future
References
Chapter 16 Weight and weight loss
Linda Schachter
Introduction
Obesity link to obstructive sleep apnoea
Weight loss as treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 A thirty-five year perspective on continuous positive airway pressure
Colin Sullivan
Introduction
How continuous positive airway pressure works
A brief history of CPAP development
CPAP and the high upper airway resistance syndrome
CPAP and SDB during pregnancy
CPAP compliance
The future of CPAP
References
Chapter 18 Oral appliances
Kate Sutherland & Peter A Cistulli
Introduction
Mechanism of action
Design features and degree of mandibular advancement
Efficacy
Patient selection and prediction of response
Side effects and treatment adherence
Comparison of OA and CPAP
Conclusions
References
Chapter 19 Upper airway surgery
Stuart MacKay & Julia Crawford
Introduction
Surgical assessment and patient selection
Pre-phase surgery
Staged surgical protocol
Recent innovations in sleep apnoea surgery
Postoperative management
Future directions
References
Chapter 20 Novel and emerging therapies
Peter R Eastwood
Introduction
Hypoglossal nerve stimulation
Nasal positive expiratory pressure values
Oral pressure therapy
References
Chapter 21 Experimental therapies
Danny J Eckert
Introduction
Targeting the non-anatomical causes of OSA
Interactions, future directions, and conclusions
References
PART 5 CENTRAL SLEEP APNOEA AND DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY CONTROL
Chapter 22 Central sleep apnoea: Physiological mechanisms
Scott A Sands, Shane Landry, Philip J Berger, & Bradley A Edwards
Introduction
Pathophysiology: elevated loop gain as the unifying mechanism of central sleep apnoea
Pathogenesis of central sleep apnoea in patient populations
Physiological mechanisms of treatments
Conclusions
References
Chapter 23 Short cycle central sleep apnoea
Kirk Kee and Matthew T Naughton
Introduction
Apnoea of prematurity
High altitude periodic breathing
Narcotic use
Complex sleep apnoea
Primary idiopathic central sleep apnoea
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24 Central sleep apnoea and heart failure: clinical approach to evaluation and management
Alister Neill
Introduction
Clinical presentation
Is CSR-CSA an adaptive response to the failing heart?
Diagnosis
Treatment
Summary
References
PART 6 NOCTURAL HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROMES
Chapter 25 Chest wall disorders
Christopher Worsnop
Basic principles of hypoventilation
Hypoventilation and the chest wall
Chest walls disorders
Treatment
References
Chapter 26 Spinal and neurological disorders
R H Chaminda Lewis, Nicholas P S Murray, & David K McKenzie
Introduction
Nocturnal hypoventilation
Spinal cord injury
Neuromuscular diseases
Investigation
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 27 Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Amanda Piper
Introduction
Mechanisms
Clinical features
Management
Summary
References
Chapter 28 Obstructive and supperative lung disease
Christopher P Daley
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/obstructive sleep apnoea overlap syndrome
Suppurative lung disease
References
PART 7 DISORDERS OF EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SLEEPINESS
Chapter 29 Narcolepsy
Peter T Buchanan
Introduction
Nosology, familial patterns, and prevalence
Pathophysiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Societal implications of narcolepsy
References
Chapter 30 Idiopathic hypersomnia
Antonio Ambrogetti
Introduction
Definition and epidemiology
Clinical presentation
Diagnostic testing and differential diagnosis
Treatment
References
PART 8 INSOMNIA
Chapter 31 Insomnia classification, features, diagnosis, and evaluation
Chinthaka B Samaranayake & Antonio T Fernando III
Definition and classification
Clinical features
Diagnosis and evaluation
References
Chapter 32 Cognitive and behavioural therapy for insomnia
Leon C Lack & Nicole Lovato
Introduction
Aetiology of insomnia
Behavioural therapies
Novel methods
Cognitive elements and therapy
Translation of CBTi to a broader range of the population
References
Chapter 33 Pharmacotherapy for insomnia
David Cunnington & Mary Qian
Introduction
Prescribing for acute vs chronic insomnia
Combining non-drug treatments with medication
What should people expect from medications
What medications and used?
Specific medications
Summary
References
PART 9 DISORDERS OF CIRCADIAN ALIGNMENT
Chapter 34 Delayed sleep/wake phase disorder
Delwyn J Bartlett
Definitions and criteria
Prevalence
History
Assessment
Sleep diary
Aetiology and treatment rationale
Comorbidity between DSWPD and psychiatric disorders
Treatment of delayed sleep phase disorder
Conclusion
References
Chapter 35 Advanced, non-24-hour and irregular sleep/wake rhythm disorders
Steven W Lockley, Daniel Cohen, David G Harper, and Makoto Uchiyama
Introduction
Advances sleep/wake phase disorder
Non-24-hour sleep/wake rhythm disorder in sighted patients
Non-24-hour sleep/wake rhythm disorder in totally blind patients
Irregular sleep/wake rhythm disorder
References
Chapter 36 Shift work sleep disorder
Sally A Ferguson and Jessica L Paterson
Background
Circadian and sleep disruption associated with shift work
Shift work disorder
Risks to health and safety
Managing risks to health and safety
Screening questionnaire
Treatment of shift work disorder
Conclusion
References
Chapter 37 Jet lag
Joshua J Gooley
Introduction
Circadian regulation of sleep
The biological basis for jet lag
Treating and managing jet lag
Conclusions
References
PART 10 PARASOMNIAS AND SLEEP-RELATED MOVEMENT DISORDERS
Chapter 38 Sleepwalking and sleeptalking
Dev Banerjee
Introduction
Definitions
Epidemiology
Clinical features
Priming and precipitating factors
Physiology
Treating sleepwalking
References
Chapter 39 Night terrors
Sadasivam Suresh
Introduction
Diagnostic criteria for night terrors
Epidemiology
Clinical presentation
Associated features
Investigations
Treatment strategy
References
Chapter 40 REM sleep parasomnias
Richard Weeks
Introduction
REM sleep behaviour disorder
Nightmare disorder
Sleep paralysis
References
Chapter 41 Sleep Bruxism
Joachim Ngiam
Introduction
Definition and diagnosis
Prevalence
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Sleep bruxism and sleep disordered breathing
Conclusion
References
Chapter 42 Restless legs syndrome
Clare M Ellender & John Swieca
Introduction
Clinical assessment
Laboratory assessment
Genetics
Iron metabolism
Treatment
A stepwise approach to management
Restless legs syndrome in pregnancy
Management of augmentation
Conclusion
References
PART 11 SLEEP DISORDERS IN CHILDREN
Chapter 43 The sleepless child
Jasneek K Chawla & Karen A Waters
Introduction
Evaluation of the sleepless child
Infancy (0-2 years)
Toddlers and pre-school (2-5 years)
School age (6-12 years)
Adolescents (12-18 years)
Children with underlying medical disorders
Specific sleep behavioural interventions
Summary
References
Chapter 44 Sleep disordered breathing in children
Gillian M Nixon and Rosemary S C Horne
Introduction
Central sleep apnoea
Sleep-related hypoventilation
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Summary
References
PART 12 SLEEP IN THE ELDERLY
Chapter 45 Normal sleep in the elderly
Anna J Scovelle & Clare Anderson
Introduction
Age-related changes in sleep
Age-related changes in circadian rhythmicity
Taking a siesta: changes in napping practice with age
Summary
References
Chapter 46 Obstructive sleep apnoea in the older person
Craig Hukins
Background
Prevalence of OSA in the older person
Pathogenesis of OSA in the older person
Diagnosis
Clinical features
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea
Summary
References
Chapter 47 Dementia and neurodegenerative conditions
Simon J G Lewis
Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease and related conditions
Motor neuron disease and frontotemporal dementia
Summary
References
Chapter 48 Sleep in the institutional facility
Stephen Macfarlane and Antony Sutherland
Introduction
Factors contributing to sleep disturbance in aged care
Addressing the problem
References
PART 13 SLEEP, DISEASE, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES
Chapter 49 Cardiovascular system and sleep
Matthew T Naughton
Introduction
Autonomic nervous system during sleep
Heart rate
Heart rate variability
Blood pressure
Pulse transit time
Clinical significance
References
Chapter 50 The brain and sleep
Andrew H Evans
Introduction
Sleep and neurodegeneration
Vascular disorders: stroke
Motor neuron diseases
Epilepsy
Headache
Multiple sclerosis
Conclusions
References
Chapter 51 Kidney failure and sleep
Patrick J Hanly
Introduction
Sleep apnoea
Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder
Insomnia
References
Chapter 52 Sleep in pregnancy
Susan P Walker, Danielle L Wilson, and Mark E Howard
Introduction
Physical and hormonal factors
Sleep position during pregnancy
Sleep disordered breathing in pregnancy
Restless legs in pregnancy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 53 Sleep and the menopause
Jeremy Goldin, Chee Choy, and Martha Hickey
Introduction
Evaluation of sleep disturbance during the menopause transition
Definition of menopause
Factors associated with sleep disorders
Investigation and treatment of sleep-related symptoms in menopause
Conclusion
References
Chapter 54 Sleep and psychiatric illness
Rachel Schembri & Melinda L Jackson
Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder
Schizophrenia
Anxiety disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Seasonal affective disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Mechanisms for changes in mood as a result of sleep and circadian disturbances
Psychopathology in patients with primary sleep disorders
Treatment implications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 55 Drugs of abuse and sleep
Rowan P Ogeal & Alan C Young
Introduction
Hypnotics/sedatives
Stimulants
Analgesics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 56 Accidents, injuries, and sleep
Dev A S Kevat, Mark E Howard, & Shantha M W Rajaratnam
Introduction
Sleep disorders and risk of motor vehicle accidents
Sleepiness and risk of motor vehicle accidents
Occupational injuries and accidents in shift work settings
Sleep disorders, sleepiness, and risk of occupational injury
Conclusion
References
Chapter 57 Exercise, sport, and sleep
Charli Sargent
Introduction
Acute effects of exercise on sleep
Chronic effects of exercise on sleep
Factors that affect sleep in sport
References
Chapter 58 Sleep and perioperative medicine
Daniel J Garner & Darren R Mansfield
Introduction
Postoperative effects on sleep
Postoperative effects on respiratory sleep disorders
Postoperative screening for sleep disordered breathing
Perioperative treatment of sleep disordered breathing
Current research themes
Summary
References
PART 14 SLEEP AND THE LAW
Chapter 59 Sleep and the law
Roy G Beran
Introduction
Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
REM behaviour disorder
Sleepiness and driving
References
Index |
